Advanced Reading Lesson11-20

Read the article and have a discussion based on the following questions.

記事を読んで次の質問に応えてください。

Lesson 11: The Difference Between Good and Bad Mold on Cheese

The Magic of Moldy Cheese

We often hear warnings about avoiding moldy food, but did you know some cheeses are famous precisely because of their mold? These special molds give certain cheeses their unique flavors and textures, making them a culinary delight. But why is it safe to eat moldy cheese in some cases while it’s harmful in others?

The answer lies in the type of mold used. Mold comes in countless varieties, some dangerous, others harmless, and a select few beneficial. Cheesemakers carefully choose specific molds to enhance the flavor and texture of their products, ensuring they’re safe to eat.

Cheeses with mold are generally divided into two categories: blue-mold cheeses and white-mold cheeses. Blue-mold cheeses, like Stilton, Roquefort, and Gorgonzola, contain Penicillium roqueforti. This mold is mixed into the milk, growing within the cheese to form blue veins. These veins not only add striking color but also a bold, tangy flavor loved by cheese enthusiasts.

White-mold cheeses, such as Brie and Camembert, owe their creamy texture and velvety rind to Penicillium camemberti. Instead of growing inside the cheese, this mold is applied to its surface, creating a soft, edible outer layer. The enzymes from the mold break down the cheese from the outside, giving it a rich, buttery consistency.

The history of cheese-making with mold is fascinating. According to legend, blue cheese was discovered by accident in Roquefort, France. A shepherd is said to have left bread and cheese in a cave before rushing off. When he returned months later, he found the bread covered in mold, which had spread to the cheese, transforming it into the first Roquefort. To this day, Roquefort cheese must be aged in the same limestone caves where it was first created.

Cheese has long been a part of human history, with evidence of cheese-making dating back over 7,000 years. Its evolution from simple preservation methods to delicacies enhanced with mold showcases the creativity of food artisans. So next time you enjoy a slice of Brie or a crumble of blue cheese, remember the science, history, and happy accidents that made it possible.

Questions

1. Summarize the content of the article.

2. Have you ever tasted any of the cheeses mentioned in the article?

3. What is the strangest or most unique cheese you’ve ever eaten?

4. Does your country have any traditional dishes that involve using mold?

5. Are there any popular foods that you find unappetizing?

6. Do you enjoy trying new or exotic foods?

7. Have you ever eaten any unusual foods from other countries?

8. Are there any traditional foods from your country that foreigners might find strange?

9. If you could choose to have an unlimited supply of one food, what would it be?

10. Do you know anyone who is really passionate about a certain type of food or beverage?

Lesson 12: The Changing Human Brain: Are We Really Getting Smarter?

The Changing Human Brain: Are We Really Getting Smarter?

Many people believe that modern humans are more intelligent than those who lived a century ago. With technological advancements and improved education systems, it is easy to assume that our cognitive abilities have also improved. However, recent research suggests that the relationship between brain development and intelligence is more complex than we might think.

Studies have shown that the size of the human brain has increased over the past several decades. Researchers compared individuals born in different time periods and found that those born later had significantly larger brain volumes and surface areas than those born earlier. This discovery raises an important question: does a bigger brain mean a healthier and more capable mind?

To explore this idea, scientists examined brain scans from a large-scale health study that has been tracking participants for many years. They focused on key brain structures, such as the hippocampus, which plays a crucial role in memory and learning. The findings suggested that not only had overall brain size increased, but certain brain regions essential for cognitive function had also expanded. This could mean that modern humans have greater cognitive reserves, which might help protect against brain-related diseases such as dementia.

One of the researchers leading the study pointed out that a larger brain might offer a protective advantage against aging-related damage. This is highly significant in the present day, as the number of people diagnosed with memory-related conditions has risen over time. However, despite the increase in total cases, the percentage of the population affected by such conditions has actually decreased. This suggests that while people are living longer, their brains might also be better equipped to handle the challenges of aging.

Still, scientists caution against drawing quick conclusions. Brain size alone does not determine intelligence or cognitive health. Other factors, such as education, lifestyle, and medical care, also play crucial roles in brain function. While larger brains might offer some advantages, the full relationship between brain size, intelligence, and health remains an open question.

So, are we really getting smarter, or are we just evolving in a way that helps us cope with modern life? As researchers continue to explore this topic, it is important for us to consider how our environment, habits, and education shape our cognitive abilities. What steps can we take today to ensure a healthier and more capable brain for future generations?

Questions

1. Summarize the content of the article.

2. What is your opinion on the results of the study?

3. In your opinion, are people today more intelligent than those from a hundred years ago?

4. Are you surprised that having a bigger brain might lower the chances of developing age-related dementia?

5. Do you believe that the average human brain size will keep increasing?

6. What aspects of the human brain do you find most interesting?

7. Do you know anyone involved in scientific research?

8. Did you find science enjoyable when you were in school?

9. If you were a scientist, which areas would you be most interested in working?

10. Which scientific topics do you think are the hardest to grasp?

Lesson 13:The Scent of Fries: McDonald’s Unusual Billboard in the Netherlands

The Scent of Fries: McDonald’s Unusual Billboard in the Netherlands

In an innovative marketing move, McDonald’s Netherlands has introduced a unique billboard campaign that relies not on visuals but on scent. Instead of displaying their famous golden arches or images of food, the billboards feature a minimalist design—just red and yellow backgrounds. However, what makes them truly special is that they emit the unmistakable aroma of McDonald’s French fries.

These scented billboards have been installed in two Dutch cities, Utrecht and Leiden. As people walk by, they are greeted with the smell of freshly cooked fries, designed to trigger cravings and encourage visits to the nearest McDonald’s. To maximize effectiveness, the billboards are strategically placed within 200 meters of a restaurant, ensuring that anyone tempted by the scent doesn’t have to go far to satisfy their hunger.

According to a McDonald’s representative, this approach is based on the idea that smell is a powerful trigger for memory and emotions. The scent of fries can evoke past experiences, reinforcing the brand’s message of “Good Times.” The campaign has already sparked curiosity and conversations among passersby, making it a memorable and effective marketing strategy.

This sensory advertising approach aligns with McDonald’s broader efforts to engage customers in new ways. Recently, the company announced a collaboration with Krispy Kreme to introduce their donuts in U.S. locations by 2026. By combining innovative techniques with well-known flavors, McDonald’s continues to find creative ways to enhance customer experience and brand loyalty.

The scented billboard campaign demonstrates how marketing can appeal to more than just sight and sound. By tapping into the power of smell, McDonald’s is taking a bold step in engaging customers on a deeper, more emotional level.

Questions

1. Summarize the content of the article.

2. What do you think about the new billboards from McDonald’s?

3. Do you believe other brands will begin using scented billboards?

4. How frequently do you visit McDonald’s, and what do you typically order there?

5. Would you prefer to receive free burgers or donuts for the rest of your life?

6. In your opinion, what are some of the most irresistible food aromas?

7. Which fast food chains are the most popular in your country?

8. How often do you order takeout?

9. Are there any healthy fast food choices available in your area?

10. What fast food items would be difficult for you to give up?

Lesson 14: A New Safety Revolution on the Roads

 A New Safety Revolution on the Roads

 In the coming years, a transformative change will take place in the U.S. automobile industry. Starting in 2029, all new passenger vehicles will be required to have automatic emergency braking (AEB) as a standard feature. This decision, made by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), aims to reduce the alarming number of road fatalities and injuries, which have reached nearly 40,000 deaths each year.

The NHTSA announced this regulation in late April, calling it one of the most significant safety measures in the past 20 years. Transportation Secretary Rachel Thompson highlighted the importance of this decision, saying, “We are facing an emergency with roadway deaths. Action is needed immediately.” The regulation focuses on preventing rear-end collisions and pedestrian accidents, both of which cause a large number of traffic-related incidents.

Currently, around 90% of new vehicles come with AEB, but without clear performance standards, some systems are not reliable in real-world situations. The new rule sets strict standards, ensuring that vehicles can detect and avoid collisions with cars or pedestrians, even at night.

Automakers will have five years to improve AEB systems, including enhancing their software and possibly adding hardware like radar. Thompson believes this move will save 362 lives annually and prevent about 24,000 injuries. It will also lower the cost of property damage by billions of dollars.

However, some experts argue that the new rules should have been introduced earlier and should also cover cyclists and other vulnerable road users. Under the new regulation, all passenger vehicles weighing up to 4,500 kilograms must include features like forward collision warnings, automatic emergency braking, and pedestrian detection.

These changes are especially urgent given the statistics from 2019. In that year, nearly 2.2 million rear-end crashes led to 1,798 deaths and 574,000 injuries. Additionally, 6,272 pedestrians were killed, with more than half of those fatalities caused by collisions with passenger vehicles.

The new safety standards are a step toward making roads safer for everyone, offering hope for a future with fewer accidents and fatalities.

Questions

1.Summarize the content of the article.

2.Should similar regulations be adopted by all countries, in your opinion?

3. Have you ever ridden in a car equipped with automatic emergency braking?

4. Are there other safety features you think should come as a standard on new 　　

　vehicles?

5. Do you have a driver’s license? If yes, how many years have you been driving?

　If not, do you plan to learn to drive?

6. If you were to purchase a new car, what features would you look for?

7. Do you think most people in your city own a vehicle?

8. What do you think are the primary causes of traffic accidents in your area?

9. Over the years, would you say road safety in your country has improved or

　gotten worse?

10. How important do you think advanced technology is for improving road safety?

Lesson 15: The Changing Workplace: Singapore’s Shift Towards Flexibility

The Changing Workplace: Singapore’s Shift Towards Flexibility

In recent years, the demand for flexible work arrangements in Singapore has been increasing. Many employees, particularly younger workers, have grown accustomed to remote and hybrid work models introduced during the pandemic. As companies push for a return to full-time office work, employees are expressing concerns about losing the flexibility they have come to value.

A recent survey by a human resources company revealed that nearly half of Singaporean workers would consider quitting their jobs if required to spend more time in the office. The preference for flexible work is even stronger among younger employees, with 69% indicating they would resign if forced to return to traditional office hours. These results reflect a growing shift in priorities—many employees now seek a better balance between work and personal life.

Recognizing this trend, the Singaporean government has introduced new guidelines to support flexible work arrangements. From December onwards, companies must establish processes that allow employees to request flexible work setups. While businesses are not required to approve these requests, they must provide valid reasons if they refuse. This policy aims to create a fairer system where employees can negotiate working conditions that suit their needs.

The government also views flexible work as a means to address labor shortages. By making jobs more appealing, companies can retain experienced employees and attract individuals with caregiving responsibilities. Employers who adapt to these changes may find that flexible work arrangements increase job satisfaction, reduce turnover, and improve productivity.

As more companies implement flexible work policies, workplace culture in Singapore is gradually evolving. Employees no longer have to choose between their careers and personal lives. Instead, they can benefit from a balanced approach, leading to a more satisfied and motivated workforce.

Questions

1.    Summarize the content of the article.

2.Do you have the option to work from home? How many days are you typically required to be in the office each week?

3.Are there any laws in your country that support flexible working arrangements?

4.Would you be open to switching jobs if it meant having more flexibility?

5.Do you place a higher priority on your personal life compared to your career?

6.In your opinion, have people’s views on work shifted in your country over time?

7.How do you envision the future of work evolving in the coming decades?

8.Do you know many people who work entirely from home?

9.What do you consider the biggest advantages of your current job?

10.If you could trade jobs with someone you know, who would it be and why?

Lesson 16:Shifting Perceptions of Old Age

Shifting Perceptions of Old Age

A recent study has provided new insights into how people perceive the beginning of old age. According to research based on the German Ageing Survey, our views on when old age begins have shifted over the years. This research shows that people today tend to see themselves as “young” for longer, even as they grow older.

The study analyzed data collected from more than 14,000 participants, ranging from 40 to 85 years old. It tracked people born between 1911 and 1974, with data gathered over 25 years. The survey asked participants, “At what age would you describe someone as old?” The answers revealed an interesting trend: the age at which people consider someone to be old has been gradually moving later in life.

For example, when people born in 1911 turned 65, they generally considered old age to start at around 71. However, when those born in 1956 reached the same age, they saw old age beginning at 74. This shows that as time has passed, the line for what is considered old age has shifted, with people pushing it further into their later years.

Moreover, as people age, their own perception of when old age begins continues to evolve. The study found that when people were 64, they believed old age started at 75. But by the time they reached 74, they thought it began around 76. This suggests that as people grow older, they tend to delay the age at which they consider themselves “old.”

Researchers believe that this change in perspective is due to improvements in healthcare and longer life expectancies. As people live longer and maintain better health in their later years, the traditional boundaries of old age seem to be moving forward. People today can remain active and engaged well into their 70s, 80s, and beyond, which challenges the old idea that old age begins at a fixed age.

In conclusion, the study shows that the perception of when old age begins is not set in stone. As healthcare and life expectancy improve, people are redefining what it means to grow old. This shift in perspective allows individuals to embrace their later years with a more positive outlook and see old age as a more flexible and individual experience.

Questions

1. Summarize the content of the article.

2. How do you feel about the findings from the German Ageing Survey?

3. At what age do you personally think someone becomes “old”?

4. Are you surprised that people’s ideas about old age shift as they age themselves?

5. How do you believe the perception of old age is evolving in society?

6. Do you expect the average life expectancy in your country to keep rising in the coming decades?

7. Who are the oldest individuals you know?

8. Is there a significant elderly population in your country?

9. How are older people regarded in your culture?

10. What do you think are the most positive aspects of getting older?

Lesson 17: The Rise of Parental Influence in Gen Z Job Hunting

The Rise of Parental Influence in Gen Z Job Hunting

In today’s competitive job market, many young adults are turning to their parents for help—and not just for advice. A recent survey found that about 70% of Gen Z job seekers in the U.S. have asked their parents for support when applying for jobs. Some rely on their parents to review resumes and cover letters, while others even bring them along to job interviews.

Interestingly, this trend isn’t unique to the U.S. In Japan, a similar pattern has been described as “親ガチャ就活” (oya-gacha shūkatsu), or “parent gacha job hunting.” The word “gacha” refers to capsule toy machines, symbolizing the idea that a person’s success might depend on the “luck” of having well-connected or supportive parents. More Japanese job seekers are asking their parents to attend interviews, contact employers, and use personal connections to secure employment.

While some people believe this kind of support can be helpful, others worry it might prevent young adults from becoming independent. Some experts argue that entering the job market is difficult, so using every available resource—including family networks—can make a positive difference. Parents’ support might open doors that young applicants can’t access on their own.

However, others are concerned that too much parental involvement could harm young people in the long run. They suggest that if parents step back, their children would gain more confidence and learn valuable skills necessary for their careers. There is also a fear that employers might view too much parental participation as a sign of immaturity or a lack of independence.

Despite the debate, many parents see their involvement as an act of love and support. For young job seekers, the challenge is finding the right balance between accepting help and standing on their own. As the job market continues to evolve, this discussion about parental influence is likely to continue.

Questions

1. Summarize the content of the article.

2. Are you surprised that 70% of young adults in the US have turned to their parents for help with job searching?

3. Have your parents ever assisted you in finding a job?

4. Do you think there’s anything wrong with using family connections to secure employment?

5. How challenging is the job market for young people in your country?

6. Have you ever assisted someone in applying for a job?

7. How was your experience with the job application process for your current role?

8. What do you find to be the most challenging aspect of applying for a job?

9. Do you think it’s harder for young people to find work now compared to the past?

10. Have you ever had the experience of interviewing someone for a job?

Lesson 18:Mastering Japanese Through Onomatopoeia

Mastering Japanese Through Onomatopoeia

Japanese onomatopoeia plays a significant role in daily conversations, adding color and depth to communication. Walking through a bustling Tokyo street, one hears expressive sounds that bring the environment to life.

At a ramen shop, the zuru-zuru slurping of noodles is followed by the goku-goku sound of someone drinking tea. Steam rises as a cook flips ingredients with a sizzle, creating a juu-juu sound. Nearby, children play in a park, laughing kya-kya while their shoes go peta-peta against the pavement.

In a bookstore, students flip through textbooks with a soft pe-ra-pe-ra. One sighs haa in exhaustion, while another taps a pen ton-ton against the table. Outside, a bicycle rushes by with a rin-rin of its bell, and a car zooms past with a buun.

Japanese onomatopoeia is not just about sounds but also emotions and movements. Someone feeling anxious might describe their heart pounding doki-doki, while an exhausted person might say they are heto-heto. Even weather is described through onomatopoeia—light rain as shito-shito and heavy rain as zā-zā.

Compared to other languages, Japanese has an exceptionally large number of onomatopoeic words. It is said that Japanese onomatopoeia is three to five times more abundant than in English or Chinese.

While English and Chinese primarily use onomatopoeia for sound-related words, Japanese extends it to states, emotions, and even abstract concepts. For example, English uses “walk,” but Japanese differentiates between a slow, tired walk (noro-noro), a confident stride (suta-suta), and a hesitant shuffle (muzu-muzu).

Foreigners often find Japanese onomatopoeia both fascinating and challenging. Some are amazed by how expressive and intuitive these words can be, while others struggle to memorize them due to their sheer variety. Many learners find it amusing that even silence has its own onomatopoeia, such as shiin for complete quietness. Once understood, these expressions allow non-native speakers to sound more natural and convey nuances that standard vocabulary might miss.

Onomatopoeia enhances communication by making language more vivid and expressive. These words bring life to conversations, helping people visualize and feel experiences more deeply. For learners, mastering onomatopoeia is a key step toward understanding the richness of Japanese communication.

Questions

1. Summarize the content of the article.

2. Were you surprised that Japanese onomatopoeia is three to five times more abundant than in English or Chinese?

3. Have you ever come across any onomatopoeic words in English?

4. What would you say are some of the most challenging aspects of your native language?

5. What tips would you give to someone who wants to learn your language?

6. In your view, what skills are essential for sounding fluent in English?

7. What motivated you to begin learning English?

8. When you first started learning English, what did you find the most challenging?

9. Do you have any specific goals related to language learning?

10. Are you currently studying any other languages? Which ones would you like to learn in the future?

Lesson 19:The Rhythm of Nature: Rediscovering Time

The Rhythm of Nature: Rediscovering Time

In the hustle and bustle of modern life, time often feels like a relentless force, pushing us from one task to another. From the moment the alarm sounds, signaling the start of a day filled with responsibilities—preparing children for school, catching the train, attending meetings, and racing against project deadlines—we find ourselves in a constant state of urgency. By day’s end, as we finally rest our weary heads, it’s common to wonder where the hours went, leaving us yearning for a way to slow down the relentless pace.

Recent studies suggest that immersing ourselves in nature might offer a solution to this temporal rush. Spending time in natural environments or green spaces can alter our perception of time, making it feel as though it moves more slowly, even if the actual passage remains unchanged. This phenomenon is supported by research comparing time perception in urban versus rural settings. One study found that a walk in the countryside often feels longer than covering the same distance in the city, possibly due to the calming effect of natural surroundings that encourage mindfulness and present-moment awareness.

Beyond altering our sense of time, nature exposure offers profound health benefits. A study highlighted that spending as little as 20 minutes in a natural setting can significantly reduce stress hormone levels. Participants who spent 20 to 30 minutes sitting or walking in nature experienced the most substantial decrease in cortisol, the body’s primary stress hormone. This finding underscores the potential of nature to serve as a simple yet effective stress-relief tool.

Moreover, nature’s influence extends to our cognitive functions and social behaviors. Experiences that evoke a sense of awe—such as witnessing a majestic mountain range or a star-filled sky—can enhance our perception of time and promote prosocial behaviors. These awe-inspiring moments can make us feel more connected to others and encourage altruistic actions, enriching our social interactions and overall well-being.

Integrating nature into our daily routines doesn’t require grand excursions into the wilderness. Simple activities like walking in a park, gardening, or even viewing greenery from a window can provide the necessary exposure to nature’s benefits. Incorporating natural elements into workspaces, known as biophilic design, has been shown to improve employee well-being and productivity by reducing stress and enhancing mood.

Incorporating nature into our lives also fosters a deeper connection to the environment, promoting conservation efforts and a sustainable lifestyle. When we spend time in natural settings, we become more attuned to the rhythms of the earth, leading to a greater appreciation for its preservation. This connection not only benefits our health but also encourages behaviors that support ecological balance.

In conclusion, while we cannot alter the actual passage of time, we can change how we experience it. By immersing ourselves in nature, we can slow our perception of time, reduce stress, enhance social connections, and foster a deeper appreciation for the world around us. In the midst of our busy lives, taking a moment to step outside and connect with nature might be the key to reclaiming a sense of balance and well-being.

Questions

1. Summarize the content of the article.

2. Do you sometimes feel like time is going by too fast?

3. Are you surprised that spending time in nature might affect how we perceive time?

4. Do you find that certain activities can alter your sense of time?

5. How frequently do you spend time outdoors or in natural surroundings?

6. Do you enjoy the busy pace of city living, or do you prefer the more relaxed lifestyle in rural areas?

7. Are there plenty of parks or green spaces close to where you live?

8. What are some of the most well-known nature spots near your location?

9. How do you like to enjoy the outdoors or connect with nature?

10. Who do you know that loves spending time outside the most?

Lesson 20: The Secret to a Longer, Healthier Life

The Secret to a Longer, Healthier Life

 To live a long and healthy life, it’s essential to maintain good habits. According to the American Heart Association, there are eight important factors to focus on, known as Life’s Essential 8. These are habits and health measures that can improve overall well-being and help prevent diseases, such as heart disease and stroke.

The first key point is eating well. A healthy diet should include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. This helps provide your body with the nutrients it needs to function properly. Along with this, staying active is vital. Regular physical activity strengthens the heart and muscles, improves mood, and helps maintain a healthy weight. Exercise should be done most days of the week, even if it’s just walking. You don’t have to join a gym—simple activities like gardening or taking the stairs count too!

The third factor is good sleep. Sleeping between 7-9 hours per night allows the body to recover and stay energized. Sleep also helps improve memory and focus. Along with rest, managing stress is also important. High levels of stress can negatively affect your health, so it’s important to find ways to relax, such as deep breathing or spending time with loved ones. Meditation, yoga, or even enjoying a hobby can help reduce stress levels and improve overall well-being.

Not smoking is another essential element. Smoking damages the heart and lungs, increasing the risk of heart disease and cancer. Staying smoke-free improves overall health and life expectancy. Similarly, it’s important to control your weight, as being overweight can lead to many health issues like high blood pressure and diabetes. Maintaining a balanced weight reduces the risk of developing chronic diseases.

Lastly, keeping track of health numbers such as blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar is crucial. By regularly monitoring these factors, you can catch any problems early and manage them effectively. This will allow you to prevent serious health complications in the future.

By following these eight steps, you can significantly improve your health and enjoy a longer, more active life. Keep these habits in mind, and you’ll be on the right path to a healthier future! Remember, small changes lead to big results over time.

Questions

1. Summarize the content of the article.

2. How do you feel about the American Heart Association’s “Life’s Essential 8”?

3. Which of the eight lifestyle habits do you think is the most difficult to keep up with?

4. Did it surprise you to learn that maintaining a healthy heart can help slow the aging process?

5. What other actions do you think could help delay the effects of aging?

6. Where do you typically get your information on healthy living?

7. Who are some of the healthiest elderly individuals you know?

8. What aspects of getting older are you most excited about?

9. What do you envision your life being like after retirement?

10. Would you want to live to see your 100th birthday?